Long-term production experiments and the challenges Shanghai Kamaishu faced in after-sales service led to significant vibration issues in high-speed centrifuges. Vibration is a critical performance indicator for centrifuges, and effective damping is essential for smooth operation. Typically, two main approaches are used: active and passive vibration control.
Active vibration reduction involves designing the centrifuge so that its operating speed remains far from the critical speed of the rotating system. In lab centrifuges, the critical speed is often set much lower than the working speed. Additionally, dynamic balancing during rotor manufacturing helps reduce imbalances that cause vibration. Passive damping, on the other hand, isolates vibrations from the frame and foundation using various types of dampers, such as rubber or silicone-based materials.
In most high-speed centrifuge designs, both active and passive methods are combined. Three key areas are typically addressed: (1) the main bearing housing is designed with flexible damping, (2) a flexible connection exists between the main shaft and the motor, and (3) the entire drive system is flexibly coupled to the frame. These measures help minimize vibration transmission and improve stability.
Rubber dampers are commonly used for their effectiveness in reducing vibration. However, the hardness of the rubber affects the system’s critical speed—softer rubber may not be sufficient, while harder rubber increases the critical speed, helping keep the operating speed away from it. Silicone rubber, for instance, is used in some models like the US Solva RC-z centrifuge, where it provides additional vibration absorption between the rotor and the main shaft.
Beyond these design elements, elastic joints can also be employed between the rotor and the main shaft. Such solutions not only enhance vibration isolation but also help maintain a safe distance between the operating speed and the critical speed. This is why some high-speed centrifuges have thick, short spindles rather than long, slender ones, even though they still operate above the critical speed.
There are two main types of shafts used in laboratory high-speed centrifuges. One is a slender, flexible shaft that allows self-alignment by bending, while the other is shorter and sturdier, with minimal deflection. Despite this difference, both systems are considered flexible, but the way they achieve self-centering varies—one through shaft bending, the other through component displacement within the rotating system.
Shanghai Kamaishu recommends using spring steel for slender shafts and more rigid, thicker shafts for applications requiring higher power and stability. For example, the US J2-3, East Germany VACZ5, and Hitachi 20PR-52D centrifuges use slender, flexible shafts, while models from the Shanghai Biochemical Institute and Beijing Biophysical Institute feature thicker, shorter shafts suited for vacuum environments and high power consumption.
Once the spindle is chosen, any lack of flexibility in the rotating system can be compensated by adding vibration dampers. Therefore, labeling a spindle as rigid or flexible isn’t always meaningful. Instead, the overall system’s flexibility depends on the combination of the shaft’s properties and the damping devices used. In this sense, the distinction between flexible and rigid shafts in high-speed centrifuges may not be accurate, and it’s more appropriate to refer to the entire system as flexible or stiff based on its overall behavior.
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