Microwave extraction has emerged as a modern and efficient technique for sample pretreatment. It represents a significant advancement over conventional extraction methods, offering a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach. This technology not only improves the efficiency of the extraction process but also reduces the use of hazardous solvents, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying principles, key characteristics, and the equipment used in microwave extraction. Additionally, it discusses the operating conditions that influence the effectiveness of the process. Particular attention is given to its application in the pretreatment of soil and sediment samples, highlighting the progress made in this area over the past ten years. The review emphasizes how microwave extraction has become an essential tool in environmental analysis, offering faster, more accurate, and more environmentally responsible results compared to traditional techniques. As research continues to evolve, the potential of this technology in various analytical fields is expected to grow even further.
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